Shockwave Therapy for Frozen Shoulder vs Other Non-Invasive Treatments

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a real, often disabling condition involving thickening and tightening of the shoulder joint capsule. Without effective treatment, it can linger for 12 to 36 months or longer, with some patients never fully regaining their previous range of motion.
• The strongest comparative evidence for shockwave therapy in frozen shoulder includes a 2014 randomised sham-controlled trial, a 2015 trial comparing shockwave to conventional physiotherapy, a 2021 trial comparing shockwave to corticosteroid injection in diabetic patients, and a 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis. In each comparison, shockwave therapy plus rehabilitation outperformed the alternative on pain reduction and range of motion at the studied time points.
• Shockwave is not a stand-alone treatment. The evidence is strongest when shockwave is layered onto a structured rehabilitation program. The combined approach consistently outperforms either modality alone.
• A typical course is 3 to 6 weekly sessions of about 15 minutes each, with most patients noticing meaningful changes by the 3rd or 4th session and continued improvement over the following weeks.
• Frozen shoulder has a few important red flags (sudden severe pain after trauma, signs of infection, fever, unexplained neurological symptoms) that need physician evaluation before any rehabilitation work.

INTRODUCTION

Few musculoskeletal conditions test patience like frozen shoulder. The classic pattern starts as a vague ache, progresses to a constant pain that disrupts sleep, and eventually settles into a shoulder that simply will not move the way it used to. Reaching for a seatbelt, fastening a bra, putting on a coat, lifting a coffee cup overhead, all become awkward or impossible.

The medical name is adhesive capsulitis. The shoulder joint capsule, normally a flexible sleeve of connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint, becomes thickened, inflamed, and tight. Without effective intervention, the natural course typically runs 12 to 36 months, and a portion of patients never fully recover their previous range of motion.

Most treatment conversations for frozen shoulder centre on conservative care: physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory medications, sometimes a corticosteroid injection, in a few cases hydrodilatation or manipulation under anaesthesia. Shockwave therapy is a newer addition to this list. The evidence base for shockwave in frozen shoulder has matured over the past decade, and the comparative trials are now strong enough to talk about it honestly.

This article walks through what frozen shoulder actually is, what the non-invasive treatment landscape looks like, what the comparative trial evidence shows about shockwave therapy versus the alternatives, and how a structured plan is built. This is general education, not personalised medical advice. If your shoulder pain came on suddenly, is associated with a fall or impact, is severe, or is accompanied by fever, redness, or signs of infection, get a physician's assessment before any rehabilitation work.

WHAT IS FROZEN SHOULDER (ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS)?

Frozen shoulder is a clinical condition characterised by progressive pain and loss of motion in the shoulder, caused by inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It affects roughly 2 to 5% of the general population, with women affected more often than men and a peak incidence between ages 40 and 60.

The classical clinical course has three overlapping phases.

The freezing (painful) phase. Pain gradually increases over several months. The shoulder starts to lose range of motion, particularly in external rotation. Pain is often worse at night and disrupts sleep. This phase typically lasts 2 to 9 months.

The frozen (stiff) phase. The pain may begin to ease but the stiffness becomes the dominant problem. Reaching overhead, behind the back, or across the body becomes increasingly difficult. This phase usually lasts 4 to 12 months.

The thawing (resolution) phase. Range of motion gradually returns. Without treatment, this phase can take another 6 to 24 months. Some patients regain full motion. Others are left with a permanent reduction in shoulder mobility, particularly in external rotation.

The total natural course can span 12 to 36 months from start to finish. This is one of the reasons effective treatment matters: not because frozen shoulder cannot resolve on its own, but because waiting it out passively can mean two or three years of disrupted sleep, restricted function, and reduced quality of life.

Risk factors. Diabetes is the most well-established risk factor, with frozen shoulder occurring in roughly 10 to 20% of people with diabetes. Other risk factors include thyroid disorders, prolonged shoulder immobilisation after injury or surgery, and a history of stroke. Many cases are idiopathic, meaning they occur without an identifiable trigger.

THE NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT LANDSCAPE

Before getting to the comparative trial evidence on shockwave therapy specifically, it helps to know the broader non-invasive options for frozen shoulder.

Anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen can reduce pain and inflammation in the freezing phase, particularly to support sleep and to make rehabilitation tolerable. They do not change the natural course of the condition.

Physiotherapy is the foundation of conservative care. The work focuses on gentle joint mobilisation, capsule stretches (particularly in the directions where motion is most restricted), scapular control, and a graded return to functional shoulder use. The evidence base supports physiotherapy as a meaningful component of frozen shoulder care; it does not always resolve the condition by itself.

Corticosteroid injections (most commonly into the shoulder joint) reduce inflammation and can produce significant short-term pain relief, often within days. The effect typically lasts a few weeks to a few months. Repeated injections at the same site carry risks (including potential weakening of the surrounding tendons), and in patients with diabetes, cortisone can transiently raise blood sugar levels. Most clinical guidelines limit corticosteroid injections to a small number per year.

Hydrodilatation involves injecting saline or other fluid into the joint capsule to stretch it. It is sometimes combined with a corticosteroid. The evidence base is mixed; some trials show benefit comparable to or better than steroid injection alone, others show less benefit.

Shockwave therapy is a newer non-invasive option. We cover the evidence in detail in the next section.

Manipulation under anaesthesia (forcibly breaking the adhesions while the patient is asleep) and arthroscopic capsular release surgery are more invasive options reserved for cases that do not respond to conservative care. They are not the focus of this article.

WHAT THE COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE SHOWS ON SHOCKWAVE THERAPY

The evidence base for shockwave therapy in frozen shoulder has grown to the point where direct comparisons with the main alternatives are possible. Four pieces of evidence are particularly informative.

SHOCKWAVE VS SHAM (PLACEBO)

The 2014 randomised trial by Vahdatpour and colleagues in the International Journal of Preventive Medicine randomised 36 patients with frozen shoulder to either real shockwave therapy or sham (placebo) treatment, with both groups receiving weekly sessions for 4 weeks. The shockwave group showed significantly greater improvements in pain and disability (measured by the SPADI questionnaire) and in range of motion, particularly in flexion, abduction, and external rotation. Internal rotation did not differ significantly between groups. Patients receiving real shockwave reported a faster return to daily activities and better quality of life. This is the most direct evidence that the effect of shockwave is not just a placebo response.

SHOCKWAVE VS CONVENTIONAL PHYSIOTHERAPY

The 2015 randomised trial by Park and colleagues in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science randomised 30 patients with frozen shoulder to either shockwave therapy twice weekly for 6 weeks, or conservative physiotherapy sessions for the same period. Both groups improved over time, but the shockwave group showed significantly greater reductions in pain (measured by visual analogue scale) and larger improvements in functional scores (Patient-Specific Functional Scale) than the physiotherapy-only group. The authors concluded that shockwave therapy is an effective intervention for reducing pain and improving function in frozen shoulder. The practical translation is that adding shockwave to a rehabilitation program produces faster and larger gains than rehabilitation alone.

SHOCKWAVE VS CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION IN DIABETIC FROZEN SHOULDER

The 2021 randomised controlled trial by Elerian and colleagues in Applied Sciences randomised 48 patients with diabetic frozen shoulder to either a single intra-articular corticosteroid injection (with traditional physiotherapy) or 12 sessions of shockwave therapy (with traditional physiotherapy). Both groups improved significantly from baseline in pain, disability, and range of motion. The shockwave group showed significantly greater improvements (p = 0.001 for both pain and disability scores and for shoulder flexion and abduction range of motion). Notably for patients with diabetes, the shockwave group also showed improvements in blood glucose control, whereas corticosteroid injections can transiently raise blood sugar. The authors concluded that shockwave therapy was a more effective and safer treatment than cortisone for frozen shoulder in patients with diabetes.

This is a particularly relevant comparison, because diabetes is the strongest risk factor for frozen shoulder, and many people with diabetic frozen shoulder are appropriately reluctant to receive cortisone for blood-sugar reasons.

SHOCKWAVE AS ADJUNCT TO ROUTINE TREATMENT

The 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang and colleagues in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine pooled data from 20 studies of shockwave therapy for frozen shoulder. The meta-analysis found that when shockwave was used in addition to routine treatments (typically exercise therapy), patients had significantly greater short-term pain relief and better functional scores than those receiving routine therapy alone. Improvements in external rotation range of motion were also documented, with some variability between studies. The authors concluded that shockwave therapy is a valuable adjunct in conservative frozen shoulder care, with the caveat that study quality varied and longer-term effects beyond a few months are less well documented.

The pattern across these four comparisons is consistent: shockwave therapy plus rehabilitation outperforms sham plus rehabilitation, physiotherapy alone, and cortisone plus physiotherapy on the outcomes most patients care about (pain, function, range of motion) at the studied time points. The effect sizes are clinically meaningful, not just statistically significant. The evidence is not flawless (study quality varies, sample sizes are often modest, longer-term data is less complete), but the direction is consistent enough to be clinically useful.

"Frozen shoulder is one of the conditions where the comparative evidence on shockwave therapy is clearest. Across multiple trials, against multiple comparators, the addition of shockwave to a rehabilitation program produces faster and larger gains. It does not replace the rehabilitation work. It accelerates it." Uran Berisha, BSc Physiotherapy, Founder of Unpain Clinic

HOW DOES SHOCKWAVE THERAPY WORK?

Shockwave therapy delivers controlled acoustic energy into the target tissues. The biological response is mediated by several mechanisms that act together.

Improved local circulation. The acoustic pulses stimulate the formation of small new blood vessels (angiogenesis) in the treated tissue. For a frozen shoulder, where the joint capsule has become thickened and the local circulation is sluggish, improved blood flow supports the tissue remodelling that the rehabilitation work is trying to drive.

Effects on inflammation. Shockwave influences local inflammatory signalling, with research showing reductions in inflammatory mediators in treated tissue. This contributes to the pain-reduction effect.

Tissue mechanotransduction. The mechanical energy of the acoustic pulses is sensed by cells in the tissue and translated into biological responses. In a fibrotic, thickened joint capsule, the mechanical stimulus appears to contribute to a remodelling process that supports the gradual restoration of capsule mobility.

Pain modulation. Shockwave influences the local nerve fibres that carry pain signals. The clinical translation is that pain often decreases noticeably within the first 2 to 3 sessions, sometimes before the structural changes have fully developed, because the pain-modulation effect operates on a faster timeline than the tissue-remodelling effect.

The clinical translation. Shockwave does not "break up" frozen shoulder in a single session. What it does is re-stimulate a healing and remodelling response in tissue that has been stuck in a chronic inflammatory and fibrotic state, while also reducing pain enough to allow more productive rehabilitation work. The benefits build over weeks as the tissue responds, with the peak effects typically observed around 2 to 3 months after a course of treatment.

HOW DOES TREATMENT FOR FROZEN SHOULDER WORK AT UNPAIN CLINIC?

At Unpain Clinic in Edmonton, treatment for frozen shoulder sits inside a structured assessment-and-plan process. The first visit is an assessment, not a treatment session, because the right plan depends on which phase of frozen shoulder you are in, what has already been tried, what your shoulder examination shows, and whether there are concurrent contributors (cervical spine issues, scapular control problems, postural patterns) that need to be addressed alongside the capsule itself.

A typical first visit includes a full history (when the pain started, how it has progressed, what treatments have been tried, what your work and activity demands are, and what you want to get back to), and an examination that covers the shoulder itself (range of motion in all planes, capsule patterns, joint feel), the cervical and thoracic spine, the scapular control, and the surrounding muscle balance. We screen for red flags (suspected rotator cuff tear, glenohumeral instability, signs of infection, neurological symptoms) and coordinate physician referral where needed.

From there, the toolbox we draw on is built around what the comparative evidence supports.

Physiotherapy with progressive capsule stretches and shoulder mobility work is the foundation. This includes pendulum exercises, capsule-specific stretches in the directions where motion is most restricted, scapular control work, postural retraining, and a graded return to functional shoulder use. The rehabilitation work is the engine of recovery; the other tools support it.

Focused shockwave therapy (True Shockwave) is the primary modality we use to re-stimulate the healing response in the joint capsule and surrounding tissues. Focused shockwave can be targeted precisely to the affected capsule regions and the surrounding rotator cuff structures. A typical course is 3 to 6 weekly sessions of about 15 minutes each, layered on top of the rehabilitation program. Sessions feel like a strong, rapid tapping or pulsing pressure on the area, with intensity adjustable in real time.

Radial shockwave therapy is often layered in for the surrounding superficial soft tissue (the upper trapezius, the lateral neck muscles, the pectoral region), where muscle tension contributes to the broader picture. Many frozen shoulder patients develop secondary muscle guarding patterns that respond well to radial shockwave alongside the focused work on the capsule itself.

EMTT therapy is selectively used as a complementary modality in cases where the deeper tissue inflammation has been particularly stubborn or where broader pain sensitisation is part of the picture.

Massage therapy supports the broader kinetic chain, particularly for the upper back, neck, and pectoral regions where chronic compensatory tension accumulates.

Chiropractic care can address the cervical and thoracic spine contributors that often accompany chronic shoulder restriction. Some frozen shoulder patients also have significant upper back stiffness that is reducing shoulder blade movement and indirectly limiting shoulder mobility.

A note on cortisone injections. We do not provide corticosteroid injections at Unpain Clinic. If your physician has recommended one and you are weighing it up, the Elerian 2021 trial is worth knowing about: shockwave outperformed cortisone in diabetic frozen shoulder, with the additional advantage of not affecting blood sugar control. The decision is yours and your physician's; we work alongside whatever decision is made.

For broader context on the shoulder, our team has produced a podcast episode on chronic shoulder pain and a dedicated physiotherapy for shoulder pain relief in Edmonton page. For information on the shockwave devices and protocols used in clinic, see shockwave therapy in Edmonton and Summerside.

WHAT TO REALISTICALLY EXPECT FROM A COURSE OF CARE

A reasonable timeline for frozen shoulder treatment is 8 to 16 weeks of structured care, with the active in-clinic phase often spanning the first 4 to 6 weeks and the rehabilitation work continuing alongside and after.

The pattern of improvement varies by phase. Patients in the freezing phase (early, painful) often notice pain reductions first, with range of motion changes following over subsequent weeks. Patients in the frozen phase (stiff, less acutely painful) may notice the early changes more in range of motion than in pain. Patients in the thawing phase typically see the smoothest progress because the tissue is already moving in the direction of recovery.

A few principles tend to separate the patients who recover well from those who plateau.

Consistency with the home exercise program. The capsule responds to repeated, graded stretching over weeks. The shockwave sessions create a more receptive tissue environment; the home exercise work is what actually moves the joint.

Patience with the timeline. Frozen shoulder is measured in months, not weeks. The 2022 Zhang meta-analysis documented peak benefits around 2 to 3 months after treatment, which aligns with the timeline for tissue remodelling. Two weeks of work and no dramatic change is not failure; it is normal.

Sleep position management. Side-sleeping directly on the affected shoulder is one of the most common ongoing aggravators. A pillow between the trunk and the affected arm, or sleeping on the back, often improves sleep quality significantly.

The kinetic chain. Cervical and thoracic spine mobility, scapular control, and posture all influence what the shoulder has to manage. Addressing these alongside the shoulder itself produces better and more durable outcomes.

WHAT CAN I SAFELY DO AT HOME BETWEEN VISITS?

This is general education, not individual medical advice. The principles below assume you have been cleared by a clinician and have an individualised program. Specific dosing should be matched to your case.

1. Pendulum exercises. Leaning forward with the affected arm hanging freely, gently sway the body so the arm circles like a pendulum. A few minutes a day. Uses gravity to mobilise the joint with minimal active effort. One of the most consistently safe early exercises.
2. Warmth before stretching. A warm shower or heating pad on the shoulder for 10 to 15 minutes before stretching tends to improve tissue compliance and make the work more productive.
3. Gentle capsule stretches in the directions most restricted. With clinician guidance, this typically includes flexion (reaching forward and up), abduction (reaching out to the side), and external rotation (rotating the forearm outward with the elbow at the side). Hold positions to mild stretch sensation, not into sharp pain.
4. Scapular control work. Shoulder blade squeezes (pulling the shoulder blades down and back), wall slides, and gentle rowing motions help maintain scapular mobility, which supports shoulder function as the joint capsule recovers.
5. Postural awareness. The forward-rounded posture that many people develop at desks compounds shoulder restriction. Frequent posture resets and shoulder blade resets through the day help.
6. Sleep position. A pillow between the trunk and the affected arm when side-sleeping on the unaffected side, or sleeping on the back with a small pillow under the elbow of the affected arm, reduces overnight pressure on the joint and often improves sleep quality.
7. Reasonable use of ice or heat. Ice after activity that flares the pain; heat before stretching. Both have a place; neither is the treatment itself.
8. Patience and consistency. Frozen shoulder recovery is measured in months. Small daily increments of work compound. Two weeks of focused practice and no dramatic change is not failure; it is the normal recovery curve for this condition.

WHEN SHOULD I SEE A PHYSICIAN INSTEAD OF (OR ALONGSIDE) REHABILITATION?

The following are not "wait and see" situations. Contact your physician promptly, or seek emergency care if symptoms are severe.

• Sudden severe shoulder pain after a fall, slip, or impact, particularly with inability to move the arm or significant bruising. This raises suspicion of a fracture or acute rotator cuff tear and needs imaging.
• Fever, severe redness, warmth, or swelling at the shoulder, particularly with rapidly worsening pain. Septic arthritis of the shoulder is rare but is a medical emergency.
• Sudden numbness, tingling, or weakness traveling into the arm or hand, particularly if it is getting worse or affecting grip strength.
• New chest pain, jaw pain, or pain that radiates from the shoulder to the chest or arm in a pattern consistent with cardiac symptoms. Shoulder pain can occasionally be a referred symptom of cardiac issues.
• Persistent night pain that wakes you from sleep regardless of position, particularly if it is getting worse rather than better.
• Significant unexplained shoulder pain in a patient with diabetes or thyroid disease that has not been formally assessed.
• A known history of cancer with new shoulder pain.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Is shockwave therapy safe for frozen shoulder?

Yes, in trained hands. Shockwave therapy is non-invasive, requires no incision or anaesthesia, and has a strong safety profile in the published literature on musculoskeletal conditions. The most common side effects are mild and short-lived: local soreness, redness, occasional small bruising in the day or two after a session. Contraindications include pregnancy in the treatment area, active infection, certain tumors, severe coagulation disorders, recent corticosteroid injection (typically wait 4 to 6 weeks), and certain implanted devices near the treatment area. A proper screening at the assessment determines whether shockwave is appropriate for your specific case.

How many shockwave sessions are needed for frozen shoulder?

A typical course at Unpain Clinic is 3 to 6 weekly sessions of about 15 minutes each. The published trials used a range of protocols (4 sessions in Vahdatpour 2014, 12 sessions in Park 2015, 12 sessions in Elerian 2021). Most patients notice meaningful changes by the 3rd or 4th session, with continued improvement over subsequent weeks as the tissue responds. Some chronic or complex cases benefit from longer courses; the plan is matched to the case.

Will shockwave therapy hurt?

There is real discomfort during the session, best described as a strong rapid tapping or pulsing pressure on the shoulder. Most patients tolerate it well, particularly when the intensity is started low and increased gradually. Discomfort during the session stops almost immediately when the device is lifted off. After a session, mild local soreness for 24 to 48 hours is common; significant pain afterward is not.

Will cortisone work better than shockwave for frozen shoulder?

For very fast short-term pain relief in the freezing phase, cortisone can be effective within days. For broader pain, disability, and range of motion outcomes over the following weeks and months, the available comparative trial evidence favours shockwave therapy. In the Elerian 2021 trial, shockwave outperformed cortisone in diabetic frozen shoulder on pain, disability, and range of motion. For diabetic patients specifically, shockwave also has the advantage of not affecting blood sugar control. The decision depends on what matters most to you and is best discussed with the physician offering the injection.

Can shockwave therapy help if I have had frozen shoulder for years?

Yes. The published trials enrolled patients with a range of symptom durations, and chronic cases were well represented. The strongest evidence base for shockwave is in stubborn cases that have not resolved with standard physiotherapy alone. Longer-standing cases may need a longer course of treatment or a more aggressive rehabilitation program alongside the shockwave, but improvement is generally possible.

Who should not have shockwave therapy?

Specific contraindications include pregnancy with treatment area near the abdomen or pelvis, active infection in the treatment area, certain tumors, severe coagulation disorders or anticoagulant therapy, recent corticosteroid injection at the same site (typically wait 4 to 6 weeks), and certain implanted electronic devices (pacemakers, spinal cord stimulators) near the treatment area. People under 18 with open growth plates are generally treated with caution. A proper screening at the assessment determines whether shockwave is appropriate for your specific case.

Is shockwave therapy for frozen shoulder covered by insurance?

Most extended health plans in Alberta reimburse physiotherapy, chiropractic, and massage therapy under standard categories. Shockwave therapy is typically billed under the supervising clinician's category as part of a treatment session. Public provincial health insurance does not typically cover shockwave in a private clinic setting. Confirm with your specific plan, and a Health Spending Account through your employer can usually be used as well.

What are the side effects of shockwave therapy?

The most commonly reported side effects are localised and short-term: mild soreness in the treated area for 24 to 48 hours, occasional redness or small bruising, and mild swelling in some cases as blood flow to the area increases. No serious adverse effects have been reported in the published literature on shockwave for frozen shoulder when applied by appropriately trained clinicians within the standard contraindication framework. There is no risk of infection (no incision), and no systemic effects.

Do I need a doctor's referral to come to Unpain Clinic?

No referral is needed. Physiotherapists and chiropractors in Alberta practice as primary contact clinicians. Some insurance plans require a physician's note for reimbursement, so check your plan if you intend to claim. If our assessment turns up something that needs a physician's involvement (suspected fracture, possible rotator cuff tear that needs imaging, signs of systemic illness), we coordinate that referral immediately.

PATIENT TESTIMONIAL

“I am a pitcher going to play college baseball soon, over the last year I have had severe arm pain and was not sure even after trying everything, that I would be able to play at the college level. I decided to try shockwave therapy and over the course of a month I have seen significant results. My shoulder feels significantly better and I am throwing much harder then prior to treatment. Thank you Dr. Barsalou! 10/10 would recommend!”- Rhett Yurko

FURTHER READING FROM UNPAIN CLINIC

• Physiotherapy for Shoulder Pain Relief in Edmonton
• Unpain Clinic Podcast Episode 2: Chronic Shoulder Pain
• Shockwave Therapy in Edmonton and Summerside
• Focused Shockwave Therapy (True Shockwave)
• EMTT Therapy

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Written by Uran Berisha, Founder of Unpain Clinic and Medical Shockwave Institute. Uran has Bachelor of Science in Physiotherapy and is an International Educator in Shockwave Therapy.

BOOK YOUR INITIAL ASSESSMENT

If your frozen shoulder has been hanging around despite standard physiotherapy, basic stretching, or a previous cortisone injection, the next step is a proper assessment. We will look at where you are in the natural course of the condition, what your shoulder examination shows, what has already been tried, and what realistic timeline fits your case. The plan we build is honest, structured, and based on what the comparative evidence actually supports. No referral needed. No long contracts. Book your initial assessment with Unpain Clinic.

REFERENCES

1. Vahdatpour B, Taheri P, Zade AZ, Moradian S. Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in Frozen Shoulder. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014;5(7):875-881. PMID: 25104999; PMCID: PMC4124565. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25104999/
2. Park C, Lee S, Yi CW, Lee K. The effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on frozen shoulder patients' pain and functions. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2015;27(12):3659-3661. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3659. PMID: 26834326; PMCID: PMC4713765. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26834326/
3. Elerian AE, Rodriguez-Sanz D, Abdelaziz Elsherif A, Dorgham HA, Al-Hamaky DMA, El Fakharany MS, Ewidea M. Effectiveness of Shock Wave Therapy versus Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Injection in Diabetic Frozen Shoulder Patients' Management: Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(8):3721. DOI: 10.3390/app11083721. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/8/3721
4. Zhang R, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhang N, Guo J, Huang Y. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy as an Adjunctive Therapy for Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022;10(2):23259671211062222. DOI: 10.1177/23259671211062222. PMID: 35141337; PMCID: PMC8819773. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35141337/
5. Berisha U (Host). Learn How to Cure and Relieve Your Chronic Shoulder Pain. Unpain Clinic Podcast, Episode 2. 2021. https://unpainclinic.com/en/podcast/episode-2-chronic-shoulder-pain
6. Unpain Clinic. Physiotherapy for Shoulder Pain Relief in Edmonton. Unpain Clinic Treatments. https://unpainclinic.com/en/treatments/physiotherapy-shoulder-pain
7. Unpain Clinic. Shockwave Therapy in Edmonton and Summerside. Unpain Clinic Treatments. https://unpainclinic.com/en/treatments/shockwave-therapy